To develop the concept of a republic in 1910 when the Portuguese revolution of 1910 replaced the constitutional monarchy with its republic, the paper traces the central experiences of a republic in the modern Western world before that date. The images of the Ancient republics were in the minds...

A reduced form model where banks can pursue other goals than profit maximization is presented. This allows us to test for behavioral changes of banks over time. This model provides a framework to evaluate whether moral hazard issues may plague banks receiving state aid, which concerns greatly...