Using an approach that complements standard income-based measures with broader measures of well-being this paper … income instability as measures of deprivation and analyzes their relationship with perceived and objective well-being. First … perceived well-being and income instability. …

real terms. Ninety five per cent of the income of medical schemes was derived from membership fees. The average real growth … rate of income was 8.4 per cent, while net assets increased by only 3 per cent. An average deficit of R11.02 million …

migrating peasants, and, consequently, has a positive effect on narrowing the rural-urban income or consumption gap. Urban labor …