determined by the initial gap. We obtain these results with 2SLS estimates where slavery is used as an instrument for the initial … gap. The excludability of slavery is preliminarily established by instrumenting it with the share of disembarked slaves … initial racial gap in education and that slavery affects growth indirectly through this channel. …

of individual agents. The resulting models, expressed in mathematical language, make no allowance for culture, as they … effects in assisting well-being and social cohesion. Unless we recognise culture, we can have little understanding of why … egalitarian culture. …

-of-Africa migration. Exploring the roots of inequality within the US population, we find supporting evidence for our hypothesis: variation …