Intellectual property rights are viewed as essential to medical innovation, but very often involve social costs due to … patent monopolies and other inefficiencies. We review the positive theory of innovation in health care, as it relates to the … determination of innovation demand and supply. The positive theory is related to a host of competing normative models of …

This paper analyses the causal impact of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) on pharmaceutical innovation in a panel of …. Domestic innovation is measured as citation-weighted domestic patents filed at the European Patent Office (EPO): to account for … to patent at the EPO. Results show that, in the short-run, IPR stimulate innovation. The effect for developing countries …

the functioning of the patent system, innovation researchers have been surprisingly silent on the topic. This paper …

emanating from China's economic ascent could in theory either augment or stifle U.S. innovation. Using three decades of U ….S. patents matched to corporate owners, we quantify how foreign competition affects domestic innovation. Rising import exposure …