-2004, by taking into account the spatial effects due to both institutions and geography. These effects have been modeled by … substantive spatial externalities. Within this framework, the country-specific institutions are strongly and positively related to …

of institutions. The direct influence of geography on per capita incomes is robust to the inclusion of a sub …

This paper analyzes the determinants of local institutions and distribution of political power within a constant 'macro …

we show that differences in biogeographic initial conditions and in geography largely account for the different timings … nations today. The effects of biogeography and geography on the wealth of nations are partly mediated by the quality of … presentday institutions, but are also partly independent of institutional quality. <p> …

This paper analyzes the determinants of local institutions and distribution of political power within a constant ‘macro …

Washington Consensus doctrine. The new mantra from the Washington Consensus Mark 2 is “get the institutions right.” The danger is … that an elastic definition of the term “institutions” will render the current mantra intellectually vacuous. 3. While …. 5. The Washington Consensus does not recognize the constraints that geography and ecology could set on the growth …

Washington Consensus doctrine. The new mantra from the Washington Consensus Mark 2 is “get the institutions right.” The danger is … that an elastic definition of the term “institutions” will render the current mantra intellectually vacuous. 3. While …. 5. The Washington Consensus does not recognize the constraints that geography and ecology could set on the growth …

We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining income levels around the … institutions 'trumps' everything else. Once institutions are controlled for, measures of geography have at best weak direct effects … world, using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of …

, geography has also affected colonization policies and, therefore, institutional outcomes. Using non-colonized countries as a … the historical determinants of institutions with the sizeable direct impact of geographic endowments on development. …