The increase of financial crisis in 2008 helped to bring the recession in developed countries and the reduction of acceleration in the economies of emerging countries. Moreover, the degree of vulner-ability in emerging countries has increased through their dependence of external financing....

The current financial crisis seems to be more painful than those occurring in recent decades. This crisis caused a massive decline in the market confidence of both businesses and consumers. The crisis has affected a multitude of economic and financial activities such as financial markets that...