Partnering with the Census we implement a new survey of "structured" management practices in 32,000 US manufacturing … plants. We find an enormous dispersion of management practices across plants, with 40% of this variation across plants within … the same firm. This management variation accounts for about a fifth of the spread of productivity, a similar fraction as …

We propose a management career model where females face a gender-specific career hurdle. We show that female managers … product market competition. When the intensity of product market competition increases, hirings and wages for female managers …