the time of the election. We exploit this variation to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclave on conflict. We … find that an increase of one standard deviation in our measure of polarization raised the likelihood of internal conflict …We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between …

polarization, a key mechanism theorized as increasing the chances of violent conflict, remains less understood. We argue that …Does secessionism lead to social polarization? Despite much research on independence movements, their relationship to …. However, polarization does not necessarily lead to violence. We explore the case of Catalonia, a region that experienced a …

polarization, a key mechanism theorized as increasing the chances of violent conflict, remains less understood. We argue that …Does secessionism lead to social polarization? Despite much research on independence movements, their relationship to …. However, polarization does not necessarily lead to violence. We explore the case of Catalonia, a region that experienced a …

able to better identify the effect of ethnolinguistic polarization on the civil conflict in the country. We find that, for … each of our polarization indices, there is a positive effect on the conflict. The historical underpinnings of our indices …Polarization measures, that are used in examining the empirical relationship between ethnic divisions and violent …

In this paper we study a behavioral model of conflict that provides a basis for choosing certain indices of dispersion … as indicators for conflict. We show that the (equilibrium) level of conflict can be expressed as an (approximate) linear … function of the Gini coefficient, the Herfindahl-Hirschman fractionalization index, and a specific measure of polarization due …

Cardinals, which we exploit to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclave on conflict. We find that an increase of one … standard deviation in our measure of polarization raised the likelihood of internal conflict by between 2 and 3 percent in a …We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between …

while others favor its continuation in stronger form. We offer an explanation of such polarization, based on a natural …

We develop a conflict model linking dissipation to the distribution of the population over an arbitrary number of … outcome (growth, incidence of civil wars) and index (fractionalization, discrete polarization). Second, we find that, in case …

while others favor its continuation in stronger form. We offer an explanation of such polarization, based on a natural …

linguistic polarization has a negative impact on local spending. Instrumental variable estimates using distance to the eastern …