; and (iv) tend to ironically reduce average income and raise household poverty rate. These results illustrate how rapid …

major riots in the regions of Kazakhstan in early 2022. The theory of relative deprivation explains the occurrence of unrest …, the depth of poverty and the acuity of poverty are reasons for social tension, which, after the small trigger, turned into … take measures to prevent their significant deterioration, especially the depth and acuity of poverty. A similar empirical …