Productivity (TFP) than incumbents. Increased competition from new entrants leads incumbents to reduce the price of union …Using panel data for nearly all service providers in a single industry sector, we examine productivity responses to … changes in competition in the United States. The sector offers workplace employee representation through trade union branches …

the mandate of institutions enforcing competition is critical to raise productivity … competition across 1,800 municipalities and matches it with establishment census panel data to estimate the impact on … establishment productivity and markups. The elimination of local barriers that were inconsistent with national legislation was the …