The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolution of productivity in the European railways in the period 1970 …–95. We use a non-parametric approach that enables changes in productivity to be broken down into variations in efficiency and … technical change. The results indicate that the productivity growth is concentrated in the last period (1985–95), when the …

productivity, but this effect was stronger in the areas in which railways were already built. Moreover, railways helped industrial … same time, the Kingdom of Italy started a large infrastructure project to spread railways, which were largely confined in … Northern Italy, all over the country. Using tools from spatial econometrics, we find that railways played a positive effect on …

. We undertake a systematic empirical analysis of productivity in the Indian Railways—the world’s largest employer subject … increasing the representation of members of marginalized communities in jobs comes at the cost of reduced productive efficiency … have reduced efficiency in the railway system. We find no evidence for such an effect; indeed, some of our results suggest …

productivity, but this effect was stronger in the areas in which railways were already built. Moreover, railways helped industrial … same time, the Kingdom of Italy started a large infrastructure project to spread railways, which were largely confined in … Northern Italy, all over the country. Using tools from spatial econometrics, we find that railways played a positive effect on …

One of the strengths of DEA in the measurement of technical efficiency is that it readily accommodates multiple … outputs and inputs. We demonstrate the approach by applying it to measure the technical efficiency of national rail systems in …