virtually absent in labour economics text books. This paper documents the scope for risk, discusses the tough disentanglement of … heterogeneity and risk, surveys the analytical models, laments the absence of a good workhorse model and points out the challenges … worth tackling: document ex ante risk that investors face, develop a tractable and malleable analytical model and integrate …

, improved efficiency, reduced risk, and better response to the customers' needs due to new products, services or processes. On …