The allocation or assignment of emissions allowances is among the most con-tentious elements of the design of emissions trading systems. Policy-makers usuallytry to satisfy a range of goals through the allocation process, including easing thetransition costs for high-emissions rms, reducing...

Differences in environmental regulation between rich and poor countries have caused a geographical relocation of polluting industry from the former to the latter. In several cases the reduction in domestic emissions is at least partly compensated by an increase in trans-boundary pollution which...