Income and consumption inequality increased in all transition economies, albeit to very different levels. The existing literature suggests that countries that were slow to undertake pro-market reforms experienced the largest in- creases in inequality, with the notable exception of Belarus, one...

In many post-Soviet countries, more than half of all households use small land plots to produce significant agricultural output even though their members have paid jobs or collect state pensions. Existing studies suggest that in Russia such “second agriculture” helps smooth consumption....