Variance of exchange rates around predictions can be from 1) undiscovered fundamentals, 2) efficient markets, 3 …. Field and experimental evidence identifies 4) as the underlying cause. Variance effects prior to the resolution of risk … the outcome flow after risk is passed. To include the evaluation stage and such damage from variance, the authorities can …

geometric mean (BCGM), (iii) a uniformly minimum variance unbiased (UMVU) estimator, and (iv) the sample median (SM). In … population variance and sample size (n = 4-100). Results of this work indicate that the UMVU estimator and the BCGM estimators …

sources. Far fewer efforts have been made to give a breakdown of the variance of macroeconomic aggregates by Pigou (1929) and …

We investigate the OLS-based estimator s2 of the disturbance variance in the standard linear regression model with …

weighted sum of the initial variance and an integral of a weighted variance of the diffusion and the jump process. Finally, the …

distributions of behavior, focusing on the distinction between tight (i.e., characterized by low behavioral variance), loose (i ….e., characterized by high behavioral variance), and polarized (i.e., characterized by u-shaped behavior) environments. We find that … individuals indeed strongly respond to differences in the variance and shape of the descriptive norm they are facing: loose norms …