Under-utilization of fleet capacity appears to be a long-lasting issue in the container shipping industry. Also, there are some difficulties unsolved while measuring the ratio of Capacity Utilization (CU) of a container shipping line. From the perspective of an engineering approach, the slots...

Excess capacity emerges as a persistent problem in the shipping industry and plays an essential role in determining the level of ocean freight. Consequently, the optimal fleet capacity has become a critical and frequently discussed issue within the container shipping industry. In practice, the...

In container shipping practices, containers owned by the shipping lines and leasing companies are generally regarded as homogeneous factor inputs and can substitute each other perfectly in providing the shipping service. Based on industry-wide data, this study surprisingly finds that the...