This study explores determinants of customer choice behaviour in passenger rail competition on two cross-border routes …, Cologne–Brussels and Cologne–Amsterdam. It fills a gap in the literature on competition in commercial passenger rail by … customer cards. Our results imply that entry into the commercial passenger rail market may be more difficult than often thought …

2022. Temporarily, however, the use of rail transport increased dramatically and there was a moderate decline in light … travel, the dominant mode of transport, was also subsidised over the same period. This, together with the limited timeframe … of the special offer, meant that few motorists could be persuaded to make a long-term commitment to public transport. The …