This paper examines European public research and development (R&D) subsidies that support precompetitive development (PCD), which is R&D up to and including a prototype. The research seeks to determine How effective these subsidies have been and whether European practice has been influenced by...

This paper examines European public research and development (R&D) subsidies that support precompetitive development (PCD), which is R&D up to and including a prototype. The research seeks to determine How effective these subsidies have been and whether European practice has been influenced by...

[Introduction]. The business organisation is central to the functioning of any productive economy. It produces goods and services for consumers and generates wealth in the form of wages, profits, interest payments and taxes. It also imposes costs in the form of investments of time, capital and...

[Introduction]. The business organisation is central to the functioning of any productive economy. It produces goods and services for consumers and generates wealth in the form of wages, profits, interest payments and taxes. It also imposes costs in the form of investments of time, capital and...

This paper challenges the idea that the US economy has corresponded to a laissez-faire model. Broadly speaking, this lack of fit between the model and empirical reality results from ideology and culture. Liberalism has been and is a cornerstone of American identity. But the discursive practice...

This paper considers whether US and European trade and industrial policies are in a process of ‘convergence’ around common policy type. Convergence is once again appearing in politics journals after a period of relative neglect. Convergence--the process by which economic activity in states...

This paper challenges the idea that the US economy has corresponded to a laissez-faire model. Broadly speaking, this lack of fit between the model and empirical reality results from ideology and culture. Liberalism has been and is a cornerstone of American identity. But the discursive practice...

This paper considers whether US and European trade and industrial policies are in a process of ‘convergence’ around common policy type. Convergence is once again appearing in politics journals after a period of relative neglect. Convergence--the process by which economic activity in states...

EU trade policy operates in a framework which has tended to ignore governmental assistance to non-domestic multinational operations setting up/expanding in EU countries. At the same time, support for indigenous industries is illegal except in extreme, agreed circumstances. This differential...

EU trade policy operates in a framework which has tended to ignore governmental assistance to non-domestic multinational operations setting up/expanding in EU countries. At the same time, support for indigenous industries is illegal except in extreme, agreed circumstances. This differential...