The model of turbine mass flow characteristics is vital to simulate equipment and systems having a turbine, such as renewable energy power systems, air cycle refrigeration systems, power plants, and turbine engines. Existing empirical and partly empirical models of turbine mass flow...

Nitrogen (N) loss to the environment through water transport has been a serious challenge to agricultural practices for decades. Although much progress has been made in developed countries, suitable strategies for mitigating agricultural N loss in developing countries, such as China, are still...