We model an election between two Downsian mainstream candidates and a third inflexible politician. There is uncertainty …

choices in US political history, such as the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 and the election of Lincoln in 1860 …-based models of election tend to conclude that candidates, or parties, converge to a vote-maximizing policy position at the …

varies over time. Changes in popularity are partly exogenous and partly driven by the parties' actions. There is an election … scheduled at a future date and the party with more popularity at the election date wins the vote. Electoral incentives can have … substantial effects on bargaining outcomes. Periods of gridlock may arise when the election is close and parties have similar …