down countries' growth (relative to the world) into three trade-related channels: (i) an export pull measuring the traction …

The lack of a clear link between general economic fundamentals and export diversification indicators in the literature … traditional methodologies: using export categories that lead to diversification (for example, manufactures) as dependent variables …

Kazakhstan has managed to benefit from its considerable endowments of natural resources during the commodity price boom … volatility cannot be a viable strategy for development. The government of Kazakhstan well realizes that and for already 2 decades … aims to examine how successful were those policies by applying various indicators of export diversification. The results …