This paper examines the key design mechanisms of existing and proposed cap-and-trade markets. First, it is shown that the hybrid systems under investigation (safety-valve with offsets, price floor using a subsidy, price collar, allowance reserve, and options offered by the regulator) can be...

Equilibrium models have been proposed in literature with the aim of describing the evolution of the price of emission permits. This paper derives _rst estimation methods for the calibration of three competing equilibrium models. Second, it demonstrates how their reduced-form versions are...

Equilibrium models have been proposed in literature with the aim of describing the evolution of the price of emission permits. This paper derives first a reducedform model from an equilibrium model and thereby explains how existing reducedform models are related to equilibrium models. Second, by...