Faced with challenges of patient no-show behavior in the advanced scheduling system and the demand variability effect in the open-access system, outpatient clinics may use a combination of both policies. When this happens, the typical decision rule is the "carve-out scheduling" (COS) policy. The...

According to management by objectives (MBO) theory, the significance of management objectives must be considered as a reference point in a performance evaluation. Cross efficiency evaluation has always been considered to be one of the important performance evaluation methods. However, few...