We argue that the practise of valuing the portfolio is important for the calculation of the VaR. In particular, the seller (buyer) of an asset does not face horizontal demand (supply) curves. We propose a partially new approach for incorporating this fact in the VaR and in an empirical...

The paper suggests a nonlinear and multivariate time series model framework that enables the study of simultaneity in returns and in volatilities, as well as asymmetric effects arising from shocks. Using daily data 2000-2006 for the Baltic state stock exchanges and that of Moscow we find...

The integer-valued moving average model is advanced to model the number of transactions in intra-day data of stocks. The conditional mean and variance properties are discussed and model extensions to include, e.g., explanatory variables are offered. Least squares and generalized method of moment...

The impact of news of the Moscow and New York stock market exchanges on the returns and volatilities of the Baltic state stock market indices is studied using daily return data for the period of 2000-2005. A nonlinear time series model that accounts for asymmetries in the conditional mean and...

The effects of temporal aggregation on asymmetry properties and the kurtosis of returns based on the NYSE composite index are studied. There is less asymmetry in responses to shocks for weekly and monthly frequencies than for the daily frequency. Kurtosis is not smaller for the lower frequencies