We develop various mathematical models of the clinical latency stage of HIV-1 infection assuming that HIV-1 infection is limited either by the availability of cells that HIV can infect of by a specific anti-HIV cellular immune response. The former models we call "target-cell-limited." Comparing...

We present and analyze a model for the cross-regulation of the Th1 and Th2 helper cell subsets during an immune response by the regulatory cytokines interferon-$\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). IFN-$\gamma$, secreted by Th1 cells, can inhibit the proliferation of Th2 cells....

We describe a method of implementing efficient computer simulations of immune systems that have a large number of unique B and/or T cell clones. The method uses an implementation technique called lazy evaluation to create the illusion that all clones are being simulated, while only actually...

During primary HIV infection the viral load in plasma increases, reaches a peak, and then declines. Phillips has suggested that the decline is due to a limitation in the number of cells susceptible to HIV infection, while other authors have suggested that the decline in viremia is due to an...

A quantitative technique was developed to determine HIV-1 viral burden in two important cellular compartments in lymphoid tissues (LT). Image analysis and in situ hybridization were combined to show that in the presymptomatic stages of infection there is a large pool of about 108 copies per gram...

The problem of protecting computer systems can be viewed generally as the problem of learning to distinguish {\it self} from {\it other}. We describe a method for change detection which is based on the gereration of T cells in the immune system. Mathematical analysis reveals computational costs...

The immune system is a complex system that learns, remembers what it has learned, and acts to protect us from a variety of pathogens. Here we address the question of how the immune system is able to recognize and learn about pathogens that can rapidly evolve and hence potentially change so as to...

In order to evaluate the role of idiotypic networks in the operation of the immune system a number of mathematical models have been formulated. Here we examine a class of B-cell models in which cell proliferation is governed by a non-negative, unimodal, symmetric response function {\it f(h)},...

The immune system is a complex system of cells and molecules that can provide us with a basic defense against pathogenic organisms. Like the nervous system, the immune system performs pattern recognition tasks, learns and retains a memory of the antigens that it has fought. The immune system...

Though most mutations are deleterious, an interplay between somatic mutation and selection within germinal centers (GC) results in rapid generation of high affinity memory B cells. How high affinity B cells with large numbers of mutations are generated and preserved, within GC containing at...