fixed effects models to the estimation of the income-pollution relationship on U.S. state-level data on NOx (nitrogen oxide …The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesizes that the income-pollution relationship has an inverted U shape …: pollution increases with income up to a turning point beyond which it decreases. The empirical literature has concentrated on …

African (MENA) countries over the period 1990-2010 using panel data methods. For the first specification, namely EKC, we show …. More interestingly, findings from the estimation show that EKC hypothesis, HD and sustainability are crucial to build …

This paper considers kernel-based nonparametric estimation of panel models using local linear least squares, when both … nonparametric fixed-effects models, it is shown that conventional within transformation or first difference render panel … 1/(NT(h^3)). The optimal bandwidth parameter is also obtained to be of the order (NT)^{-1/7}. The new estimation is …

States, and the whole panel. iii) In the United States, renewable energy reduces environmental pollution. iv) Urbanization …) hypothesis between 1991 and 2016, using Lagrange multiplier (LM) bootstrap panel cointegration and augmented mean group (AMG … panel cointegration test results demonstrate that series in the EKC model are related in the long run, and the AMG long …

) emissions per capita. World Bank 1992 study claims that pollution rises with income, but at a slower and slower speed and …This paper tests the effect of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita on pollution, measured by carbon dioxide (CO2 … eventually declines. Using Ordinary Least Squares estimation procedure, we find a quadratic relationship ("inverted U …