This paper assesses the implications of spatial dependence of outward FDI flows toclarify the importance and prominence of complex foreign direct investment bymultinational enterprises, which are neither purely horizontal nor vertical integrationstrategies. Empirical tests compare the ordinary...

Stanford University, which successfully licensed FMsound synthesis, was one of the first universities to become engaged incommercialization activities.The music department of Stanford Universityhas developed a broad portfolio of licenses over the years since the licensefor FM sound synthesis....

Policy-related discussions increasingly view universities as so-called "engines of economic growth." Recognizing that the economic impact of universities is dependent, at least in part, on the success of university-affiliated entrepreneurial ventures, this paper reviews the extant literature to...

Occupational membership guides what people do, how they think of themselves, and how they interact in organizations and with society. While a rich literature explains how occupations adapt in response to external triggers for change, we have limited insight into how occupational incumbents,...

Amongst Stanford University’s most profitable technology licenses lies an odd entry: frequency modulation synthesis. The license is unusual in that it came not from the School of Medicine or the School of Engineering, but rather the music department. Indeed, the Stanford music department...

This article introduces a special issue on "Teaching Technology Commercialization." We reflect upon the opportunities and challenges in teaching technology commercialization and we highlight the lack of connection between the literatures on entrepreneurship education and technology transfer. We...