On a global basis, cash cropping is usually identified as an important enterprise undertaken by farmers to increase incomes. However, the responses of farmers to these new enterprises vary greatly. Through a case study of a Dai village in Xishuangbanna, China, this paper examines how farmers...

The first moment and second central moments of the portfolio return, a.k.a. mean and variance, have been widely employed to assess the expected profit and risk of the portfolio. Investors pursue higher mean and lower variance when designing the portfolios. The two moments can well describe the...

The heuristic 1/N (i.e., equally weighted) portfolio and heuristic quintile portfolio are both popular simple strategies in financial investment. In the 1/N portfolio, a fraction of 1/N of the wealth is allocated to each of the N available assets. In the quintile portfolio, first the assets are...

A longevity annuity is a deeply deferred annuity which begins payments very late in life. By transferring some of the risk of outliving retirement savings at advanced ages to annuity providers, longevity annuities provide retirees with enhanced later-life financial security. This paper aims to...