methods of measuring household welfare (and, accordingly, poverty and inequality) based on expenditures have not considered … these changes. First, we present theory showing significant mismeasurement of welfare for households who can shift into … remote work during the pandemic. We then propose methods to impute transportation cost equivalents for household expenditure …

This paper estimates carbon emission from household consumption and investigates its determinants. We derive total … household carbon emission by using the mechanism of input-output analysis combine with household expenditure for 2005 and 2006 … goods are the least carbon intensive. After controlling for household characteristics, the analyses reveal that income has a …