We develop a new monthly indicator of supply bottlenecks using newspaper articles. The supply bottlenecks index (SBI) provides a consistent narrative of supply issues related to wars, natural disasters, strikes and, most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovations in the SBI have important...

English Abstract: The persistence of the health crisis made it necessary for the main advanced economies to approve fresh fiscal measures or extend the terms of those that expired. This paper summarises the main actions taken since autumn 2020 in the main euro area economies (Germany, France,...

The last review of the ECB’s monetary policy strategy in 2003 followed a period of predominantly upside risks to price stability. Experience following the 2008 financial crisis has focused renewed attention on the question of how monetary and fiscal policy should best interact, in particular...