Increasing political polarization implies that each election expands the gap between the supporters of the losing side … substantially across contexts. The polarization of parties explains most of this variance, suggesting that, in a polarized … democratic backsliding. ; Increasing political polarization implies that each election expands the gap between the supporters of …

. ; Polarization can have economic effects if the hostility between political camps (i.e., affective polarization) shapes economic …

impact on the relationship if conflict is present. Overall, this study provides a framework for future research on the topic …