We study the cyclical fluctuations of leverage and assets of financial intermediaries and GDP in the United States. Leverage and assets are several times more volatile than GDP, and experience larger fluctuations for unregulated (‘shadow’) intermediaries than for regulated ones. While the...

Neoclassical analysis of the labor market and its institutions. A systematic development of the theory of labor supply, labor demand, and human capital. Topics discussed also include wage and employment determination, turnover, search, immigration, unemployment, equalizing differences, and...

This study analyzes the impact of stock market liberalization on emerging equity market volatility, in twelve emerging markets from February 1976 to December 2006. A liberalization period is constructed to capture all identified market openings for each market. The purpose of this study is...

Governments in developing economies often resort to taxing bank money balances through imposition of high reserve requirements and also by relying on seigniorage to finance their deficits. In the context of those practices, this research reported in this paper attempts to answer the following...

The large and widening gap between economic performance in Eastern European transition economies and those of the former Soviet Union has been dubbed “the Great Divide” by Berglof and Bolton (2002). This paper provides a rationale for the gap based upon the concept of financial repression....

In an economy undergoing structural reforms the composition of savings goes through considerable change. It is important to understand such changes both for increasing the volume of aggregate savings (to garner resources for higher economic growth) as well as affecting their composition (towards...

Rationale This article presents annual distributions of aggregate wealth and debt components of Spanish households by income and wealth. Distributions for the period 2002 to 2020 are estimated drawing on the seven available waves of the Spanish Survey of Household Finances, while those for the...

Rationale Households overall built up a large stock of excess savings during the pandemic. The use of these excess savings and the potential amount currently available for spending are relevant to understanding how they may support consumption over the coming quarters. Takeaways •To end-2022,...

This paper presents the main results of the Spanish Survey of Household Finances 2022, which reflect the financial situation of Spanish households as at end-2022. These results are of particular interest, since they allow the income, assets, debt and spending of Spanish households to be analysed...

This study empirically investigates the presence of crowding out effects emerging from intra- developing country competition in export markets for manufactured goods. Export equations are estimated for a panel consisting of twenty major developing country exporters of manufactures, after...