real exchange rate misalignments for Poland and Russia during the 1990s using the Beveridge and Nelson (1981) decomposition … substantially greater than that in Poland, indicating incipient pressures to devalue the ruble immediately preceding the August 1998 … crisis. The half life of an exogenous shock is found to be much shorter for Poland than for Russia in the pre-crisis period …

This study proposes an extension to the inflation targeting framework for Poland that takes into consideration the … employing the Johanssen cointegration tests and the threshold generalized autoregressive heteroscedasticity model with the in …

those foreign policy issues, which are of crucial importance to Poland, Europe and transatlantic relations in both the long …

characterization of the series is an end in itself. More often, unit root testing is a preliminary step, followed by cointegration … variable deletion strategy could be followed instead. Even where cointegration restrictions are sought, some commentators have … questioned the value of unit root and cointegration tests, arguing that restrictions based on theory are at least as effective as …

which takes into accountchanges in export and domestic demand and market clearing price. It optimizes the supply of … already have significant income effects to agriculturalproducers. We simulated effects of pig meat export bans of different … degrees due to livestockepidemics. Full closure of export markets for six months cost pig sector €21 million. …

animals from the market, and halts the export of livestock products from the infected country. The magnitude of these effects … implications of alternative FMD and export scenarios in the Finnish pig sector. It takes into account dynamics and adjustment of … pig producers can increase considerably when the risk of prolonged export ban increases. Production adjustments also …

utilize ocean freight services for their export needs, the study asked shipping lines for their heaviest used export routes …