advantage of a gravity specification of bilateral trade between the seventeen Spanish regions and EU-13 countries over the … concentration of currency union effects in a few regions, namely those relatively more open to trade, though such effects are found …

regions that share similar behavior can be identifi ed. The identifi cation of these different groups should reveal … regions and the countries that were left out of the single currency. It is also noteworthy that, despite the effect of the … euro, important singularities remain between the German regions, on the one hand, and between those of Greece, Portugal and …

heterogeneity and we identify five different groups of European regions ; (ii) the groups are characterized as follows: the first … contains most of the Greek regions ; groups two and three include, in most cases, regions from Germany (plus a couple of … regions from southern European countries in group two and some regions of the core countries in group three) ; group four is …