among the world’s top ten, and their credit ratings have declined dramatically. Two of Japan’s top 21 banks have already …Introduction: A mere decade ago Japan’s financial system, and especially its banking system, was not only the largest … but the strongest in the world. Nine of the world’s top ten banks in asset size were Japanese; the Big Four Japanese …

banks. The financing rule is also explained by the structure of the financial systems. Public funding is more likely in bank … oriented structures. Finally, the geographical factor is also significant: European bank supervisors are more oriented towards …

supervisors with authority to make discretionary decisions within the PCA framework as soon as a bank of a cross border banking … implemented if PCA requires the bank to be resolved …

drivers of foreign-currency issuance identified in the literature, including variables at the individual firm (e.g. bank … heightened volatility has a negative impact on US dollar issuance. Bank-specific variables are also relevant drivers of US dollar … are more likely to issue in US dollars than others. Bank-specific structures, as captured by deposit and loan ratios, also …

the drivers of bond issuance. The sample covers the two major financial crises that caused severe dislocations in bank … bond issuance, while for banks from the euro area periphery central bank liquidity substituted for unsecured long-term debt …

between the world interest rate and the domestic return on capital, which arises from a friction in the domestic banking …