This paper empirically shows that innovation in Information Technology (IT) has become increasingly dependent on and … intertwined with innovation in software. This change in the nature of IT innovation has had differential effects on the … performance of the United States and Japan, two of the largest producers of IT globally. We document this linkage between software …

industrial organisation literature on innovation to explore the causes of this decline, and shows that it was predicted by the … operating efficiency of the sector. Despite this, a lasting decline in basic R&D and innovation input into basic research may … negatively affect development of radical technological innovation in the long run. There is a need for reorientation of energy …

One major goal of the Nuclear Standards Program is to convert existing NE standards into national consensus standards … is a summary of the activities that have evolved to effect conversion of NE standards to national consensus standards …. Therefore, while complete conversion of program standards may not always be realized, the standards policy has been fully …

This manual contains the Radiation Control Standards'' and Radiation Control Procedures'' at Hanford Operations which … personnel. The purpose of the standards is to establish firm radiological limits within which the Irradiation Processing … an objective within the limitations of the Radiation Control Standards. A procedure may be changed at any time provided …

In the United States of America, numerous organizations are writing standards and recommend practices for contamination … Sciences (IES), and various US Government agencies are among the organizations with a vested interest in publishing standards …, significant work was done in the US on standards and recommended practices. Proprietary standards were established by companies …