2020 was marked by an unprecedented pandemic with a dramatic impact on the global economy. To deal with an unknown and highly contagious virus and protect their populations, almost all the world’s countries have adopted lockdown measures. As a result, in a matter of weeks oil has lost around...

The levels of human capital and skills differ widely between continents and over time. While skills and human capital on the African continent have improved over time, a gap with other continents remains (Penn 2019). Of more concern, the gap in human capital between Africa and the rest of the...