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Population ageing constitutes a central challenge to Finland. Understanding the Finnish economy's likely future … outlook for Finland. To revert these trends substantial policy efforts are needed. Unless the decline in human capital can be …
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network size from the declining cash use in Finland. The Finnish regulation has almost exclusively focused on foreign fees …
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makers. In this article, we employ principal components analysis (PCA) to derive an estimate of the output gap in Finland … to the ones obtained from the main methods used at the Bank of Finland and the European Commission, but requiring …
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The amount of central bank money, or liquidity, needed to settle payments, depends on the way the settlement is organized. It is largest when payments are settled individually on gross basis and smallest with settlement in one big netting cycle. Retail payments are increasingly processed in...
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