nevertheless mitigated by an increase in relative maturity transformation. This has heterogeneous welfare consequences across the …

consumption smoothing and welfare. Different from fiat money, e-money users pay electronic transaction fees, but in turn e … Pareto improving and the conditions when e-money reduces its users' welfare - despite for the consumption-smoothing it …

inequality and at-risk-of-poverty using EUROMOD and discuss the main reasons for the differences between these and their …

This paper evaluates the importance of middle class vulnerability to poverty for subjective well-being (happiness) in … the lower income bound of the middle class (75% of the national median income) and not the poverty line (60% of the median …

Minimum Income (MI) schemes are essential to alleviate poverty and guarantee a last-resort safety net to households … with insufficient resources. Assessing the effectiveness of MI schemes in poverty reduction is challenging. Studies based … their degree of coverage and adequacy, their poverty-alleviating effects and their overall cost. Finally, we explore the …

With rural extreme poverty officially eradicated in 2020, China is to move to measuring relative poverty in urban and … rural areas. Relative poverty describes circumstances in which people cannot afford actively to participate in society and … percent of national median disposable income. While a single poverty threshold symbolises national unity, separate poverty …

the region is still undergoing. The report includes updated estimates on the increase in poverty and extreme poverty in … between countries .-- D. Another setback in the fight against poverty and extreme poverty .-- E. Food security: a priority …