-income countries. This paper examines these elements in the context of South Africa and Indonesia - two middle-income countries with …. Moreover, we find that precarious forms of employment are persistent: individuals who start their careers at the bottom of the … certain transitions in South Africa and Indonesia, respectively. …

This paper analyses employment transitions and workers' skills in Brazil using a random sample from the universe of … findings confirm that workers who use non-routine cognitive skills intensively experience the highest employment growth rates … labour market. Overall, there have been signs of routine-biased technological change and employment polarization since the …

, the region has become increasingly dependent on GSCs for employment despite some short periods of sharp volatility and … productivity, it also shows that a positive relationship between increased GSC participation and greater wage employment, high …-skill employment, and female employment was limited to specific sectors. Several policies could strengthen the links between GSCs and …

Using a job-based methodology, this paper studies structural shifts in employment in the South Korean labor market from …-2009, 2009-2019, and 2019-2021. The patterns of change in the employment structure between 2000-2009 and 2009-2019 varies greatly …. Employment in higher-paid jobs increased between 2000 and 2009. Employment polarization, on the other hand, emerged between 2009 …

the transitions from unemployment to employment and between different types of employment. Using individual-level panel …