cash by households. This paper presents an estimation of the number and value of cash transactions in all 19 euro area … that can contribute to improving the efficiency of the cash cycle and the payment system as a whole. Previous estimates of … the value of cash usage by households in the euro area date from 2008. Since then some central banks have carried out …

The quality of banknotes in the cash cycles of countries in the Eurosystem varies, despite all of these countries using … involvement of the central bank in cash processing operations, the influence of all relevant parameters has not yet been … established. This paper presents two computer-based models for the simulation of banknote cash cycles. The first model simulates a …