lives, such as credit lending or criminal justice. This is driven by the idea that 'objective' machines base their decisions … based on data that contains biased human decisions. This has led to a call for fairness-aware machine learning. However …, fairness is a complex concept which is also reflected in the attempts to formalize fairness for algorithmic decision making …

expertise are the largest. This report reviews the pros and cons of the four institutional models for the allocation of macro …

gains, and the contribution of efficient resource allocation to this process. Realising the growth opportunities implied by …, which hinder the allocation of new ideas to where they can be developed most efficiently. While a number of policy …