patent applications to the European Patent Office, with the top five (Tokyo, Seoul, San Francisco, Higashiosaka and Paris … technology patent applications are more concentrated in top cities than applications in other technology fields. In the United … States, which has led digital technology deployment, the concentration of patent applications in top cities increased more …

China has surpassed the United States in patent applications and has become world leader. Strong patenting activity … by electronics manufacturers. State-owned firms spend more on R&D per patent, but hold fewer patents per researcher than … patent holders. Furthermore, the paper examines what drives patenting activity. Higher R&D spending by the firm and higher …

, industry-level innovation and dynamism) productivity drivers and demonstrates how the underlying spatial dynamics behind the …