patent applications remains low and their ratio of patents granted to applications is below that of industry. An econometric … education institutions (HEIs) and 1 109 public research institutes (PRIs) - for 36 OECD countries and China from 1992 to 2014 …. Our evidence, which builds on a database that matches research institutions to a sample of their patent applications …

Portugal’s export performance over the past decade has been impressive, helping to reduce external imbalances. This … partly owed to a sequence of structural reforms that benefited the productivity of the export sector and led to an increase … given the strong link between trade openness and GDP per capita. To do this, policymakers must ensure that policy settings …

China has surpassed the United States in patent applications and has become world leader. Strong patenting activity … by electronics manufacturers. State-owned firms spend more on R&D per patent, but hold fewer patents per researcher than … to patent more, and government support also appears to matter. Exterior design patents are associated with different firm …

Innovation has a role to play to mitigate water-related risks and to support the provision of water services on which … our well-being and sustainable development depend. Water-related innovation originate in a wide range of countries, with … different levels of ambition. They disseminate at different scales globally. This paper uses patent data to document trends in …

patent applications to the European Patent Office, with the top five (Tokyo, Seoul, San Francisco, Higashiosaka and Paris … technology patent applications are more concentrated in top cities than applications in other technology fields. In the United … States, which has led digital technology deployment, the concentration of patent applications in top cities increased more …

Patent data provide an increasingly used means to analyse innovation performance worldwide including in countries with … patent data for measuring and analysing innovation in narrow technological fields, such as many environment …-related technologies. To improve cross-country comparability of patent statistics, the paper advocates the use of indicators based on …

Portuguese export growth over the 1995-2016 period. The results highlight that there was no one single factor behind the export … explained by other factors. These include increases in the quality of export products and weak domestic demand that prompted … the Portuguese financial sector and its further development is beneficial for export growth. …

This paper examines the relationship between trade liberalisation and migration in the case of Mexico. The increasing … bilateral trade between Mexico and the United States after signing the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was supposed …: are trade and migration substitutes like the policy-makers had assumed or are they complements? Using monthly data from …

, the quality of most patents is still low and innovation output is weak. Reforms are underway to address these problems but … nurturing research and innovation. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of China www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-china.htm …China has made impressive strides in education in recent decades, even though the accumulation of human capital has …