entrepreneurship, using data on start-ups and venture capital (VC). It looks at academic start-ups founded by recent undergraduates and … doctorate students or researchers. It shows that academic start-ups represent 15% of all start-ups in the specific sample under … countries and technology fields, start-ups created by undergraduate students represent the highest share of all academic start …

South Africa than in other emerging economies. Barriers to entrepreneurship include bureaucratic procedures and licensing … incumbents, but so far its net effect on small firms is not clear. An education system that better equipped students with basic …