patent applications remains low and their ratio of patents granted to applications is below that of industry. An econometric …. Our evidence, which builds on a database that matches research institutions to a sample of their patent applications …, indicates patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) filed by research institutions grew faster than industry …

and their role in shaping innovation activities, according to different characteristics, and their impact on performance … interventions such as government-sponsored patent funds. This document briefly reviews some key features of the markets and networks … to the market for knowledge embodied in highly skilled employees. The mixed impact of mobility on innovation is noted …

skills in the innovation process in developed economies. It draws on multiple sources including the innovation studies … specific types of innovation activities. …