variation in education performance in Colombia, a relatively high percentage when compared to those found by other studies … in Colombia, public spending per student and teacher qualifications are positively related to better learning outcomes …

, jihadist insurgencies, coups d’état, protest movements and illegal trafficking. The backdrop to this accumulated violence is a …, domestic and international, politics and identity. The purpose of this paper is to analyse these patterns of violence. The … first section presents the geographic distribution and development over time of the main sources of violence in North and …