American cities have struggled to maintain the centrality of their downtown areas. As retail and office uses have continued to move into suburban areas and outlying regions, many local governments- especially of smaller and mid-size cities -have all but given up on the prospect of replacing the...

The paper presents a theoretical model that seeks to answer the question of why former squatter settlements tend to upgrade/redevelop at a slower pace than otherwise similar settlements originating in the formal sector. We argue that squatter settlers' initial strategy to access urban land...

This paper examines San Francisco's urban development transformations in the post-1980 decades. The transformations are examined through two spectrums: functional concentration and economic base. Through the variables of employment by land use and floor area by land use, the functional...

The aging population of European cities raises enormous challenges with regard to employment, pensions, health care and other age-related services. The housing preferences of the aging population are changing rapidly where more and more people want to live independent lives for as long as...