pharmaceutical company payments to 316,622 physicians across the U.S. from 2009-2011. States were classified as having strong, weak … payments in strong disclosure states was physicians' reduced willingness to accept payments rather than the imposition of … interpretation of physicians' reduced willingness to accept payments. Significant disclosure aversion reducing con- flicts of …

In the United States, rural and low-income communities have difficulty attracting and retaining physicians, potentially … adversely impacting health outcomes. With a limited supply of physicians completing medical school at US universities, foreign …-born and educated physicians provide a potential source of supply in underserved areas. For international medical school …

prior studies, we find that physicians updated their beliefs quickly, and do indeed adjust to new medical research …, particularly young physicians, prior to mandatory policy or professional guidelines …