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This study analyses how liquidity risk affects bonds' yield spreads after controlling for credit risk, bond-specific characteristics and macroeconomic variables. Using two liquidity estimates, LOT liquidity and the bid-ask spread, we find that, in particular, the LOT liquidity measure has...
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This paper aims at characterizing water demand by Brazilian manufacturing plants located in São Paulo and at assessing … the potential impacts of environmental policies on industrial water use. We first show that the price elasticity of the … water demand, -1.0 on average, is high enough for a water charge to act as an effective policy tool for reducing water …
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through a comparative analysis of the contexts of Brazil, India and Indonesia; three countries with important agricultural … sectors that have put large-scale biofuel programmes in place. Brazil has built its biofuels policy primarily on a well … social profile of this sector. Brazil has attempted to compensate for these issues through a socially oriented biodiesel …
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It is still difficult for biofuel producers to prove the contribution of their biofuels to reducing carbon emissions because the production of biofuel feedstocks can cause land use change (LUC), which in turn causes carbon emissions. A carbon map can serve as a basis to prove such contribution....
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